سایت مفید - دوربین در اپن جی ال - شروع کار - انگلیسی - بخش اول

English:
Part 01:


If you're running AdBlock, please consider whitelisting this site if you'd like to support LearnOpenGL; and no worries, I won't be mad if you don't :)

    Introduction
    Getting started
        OpenGL
        Creating a window
        Hello Window
        Hello Triangle
        Shaders
        Textures
        Transformations
        Coordinate Systems
        Camera
        Review
    Lighting
    Model Loading
    Advanced OpenGL
    Advanced Lighting
    PBR
    In Practice
    Offline book
    Code repository
    Translations
    About

Camera

In the previous tutorial we discussed the view matrix and how we can use the view matrix to move around the scene (we moved backwards a little). OpenGL by itself is not familiar with the concept of a camera, but we can try to simulate one by moving all objects in the scene in the reverse direction, giving the illusion that we are moving.

In this tutorial we'll discuss how we can set up a camera in OpenGL. We will discuss an FPS-style camera that allows you to freely move around in a 3D scene. In this tutorial we'll also discuss keyboard and mouse input and finish with a custom camera class.
Camera/View space

When we're talking about camera/view space we're talking about all the vertex coordinates as seen from the camera's perspective as the origin of the scene: the view matrix transforms all the world coordinates into view coordinates that are relative to the camera's position and direction. To define a camera we need its position in world space, the direction it's looking at, a vector pointing to the right and a vector pointing upwards from the camera. A careful reader might notice that we're actually going to create a coordinate system with 3 perpendicular unit axes with the camera's position as the origin.
1. Camera position

Getting a camera position is easy. The camera position is basically a vector in world space that points to the camera's position. We set the camera at the same position we've set the camera in the previous tutorial:


glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f); 

Don't forget that the positive z-axis is going through your screen towards you so if we want the camera to move backwards, we move along the positive z-axis.
2. Camera direction

The next vector required is the camera's direction e.g. at what direction it is pointing at. For now we let the camera point to the origin of our scene: (0,0,0). Remember that if we subtract two vectors from each other we get a vector that's the difference of these two vectors? Subtracting the camera position vector from the scene's origin vector thus results in the direction vector. Since we know that the camera points towards the negative z direction we want the direction vector to point towards the camera's positive z-axis. If we switch the subtraction order around we now get a vector pointing towards the camera's positive z-axis:


glm::vec3 cameraTarget = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraDirection = glm::normalize(cameraPos - cameraTarget);

The name direction vector is not the best chosen name, since it is actually pointing in the reverse direction of what it is targeting.
3. Right axis

The next vector that we need is a right vector that represents the positive x-axis of the camera space. To get the right vector we use a little trick by first specifying an up vector that points upwards (in world space). Then we do a cross product on the up vector and the direction vector from step 2. Since the result of a cross product is a vector perpendicular to both vectors, we will get a vector that points in the positive x-axis's direction (if we would switch the vectors we'd get a vector that points in the negative x-axis):


glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraRight = glm::normalize(glm::cross(up, cameraDirection));

4. Up axis

Now that we have both the x-axis vector and the z-axis vector, retrieving the vector that points in the camera's positive y-axis is relatively easy: we take the cross product of the right and direction vector:


glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::cross(cameraDirection, cameraRight);

With the help of the cross product and a few tricks we were able to create all the vectors that form the view/camera space. For the more mathematically inclined readers, this process is known as the Gram-Schmidt process in linear algebra. Using these camera vectors we can now create a LookAt matrix that proves very useful for creating a camera.
Look At

A great thing about matrices is that if you define a coordinate space using 3 perpendicular (or non-linear) axes you can create a matrix with those 3 axes plus a translation vector and you can transform any vector to that coordinate space by multiplying it with this matrix. This is exactly what the LookAt matrix does and now that we have 3 perpendiclar axes and a position vector to define the camera space we can create our own LookAt matrix: \[LookAt = \begin{bmatrix} \color{red}{R_x} & \color{red}{R_y} & \colo